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The only difference between the two is their crystal structure.
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Plants take it up in respiration, in which they convert sugars made during photosynthesis back into energy that they use to grow and maintain other processes, according to Colorado State University. Carbon-14 is naturally occurring in the atmosphere. Coal is also a key component in steel production, while graphite, another form of carbon, is a common industrial lubricant.Ĭarbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon used by archaeologists to date objects and remains. Carbon as coal is still a major source of fuel worldwide, providing about 30 percent of energy worldwide, according to the World Coal Association. The element was known to prehistoric humans in the form of charcoal. Carbon's incredible ability to bond with many other elements is a major reason that it is crucial to almost all life.Ĭarbon's discovery is lost to history. And it uses them: Nearly 10 million carbon compounds have been discovered, and scientists estimate that carbon is the keystone for 95 percent of known compounds, according to the website Chemistry Explained. (It can also bond stably to fewer atoms by forming double and triple bonds.) Carbon has four empty spaces in its outer shell, enabling it to bond to four other atoms. When atoms bond, they share electrons in their outermost shell. Carbon has two electron shells, with the first holding two electrons and the second holding four out of a possible eight spaces. Chemists conceive of these distances as shells, and define the properties of atoms by what is in each shell, according to the University of California, Davis. Atoms are arranged as a nucleus surrounded by an electron cloud, with electrons zinging around at different distances from the nucleus. It can also bond with up to four other atoms because of its electron arrangement. It can link to itself, forming long, resilient chains called polymers. (Image credit: Physical Review B, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.80.165404)Ĭarbon is a pattern maker. While scientists sometimes conceptualize electrons spinning around an atom's nucleus in a defined shell, they actually fly around the nucleus at various distances this view of the carbon atom can be seen here in two electron cloud figures (bottom), showing the electrons in a single blob (the so-called s-orbital) and in a two-lobed blob or cloud (the p-orbital). Most common isotopes: carbon-12 (6 protons, 6 neutrons and 6 electrons) and carbon-13 (6 protons, 7 neutrons and 6 electrons)Īs the sixth-most abundant element in the universe, carbon forms in the belly of stars in a reaction called the triple-alpha process, according to the Swinburne Center for Astrophysics and Supercomputing.Number of isotopes: 15 total two stable isotopes, which are atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons.Melting Point: 6,422 degrees Fahrenheit (3,550 degrees C).Density: 2.2670 grams per cubic centimeter.
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